Morphological And Cultural Characteristics Of The...

Unknown #462 obtained from the patient was identified as Staphyloccus epidermidis. The results from the various performed to determine the morphological and cultural characteristics, along with oxidative, fermentation, degradative and hydrolysis reactions strongly supported the identity of the unknown as S. epidermidis. The results from the Biolog Microbial ID further confirmed the unknown was S. epidermidis with a probability of 99.2%. However, a few of the results observed deviated from the expected characteristics of the proposed identity of the bacterium as S. epidermidis. Test for salt tolerance, fermentation of glucose and lactose, and sensitivity to Vancomycin deviated from the expected results for the microorganism S. epidermidis. All other results obtained from other test performed on Unknown #462 were expected for the proposed identity of the bacterial organism such as inability to ferment mannitol, the ability to use the enzyme urease to make ammonia, and its inability to hydrolyze starch. Results for fermentation of glucose and lactose using Durham tubes was observed to be negative. A negative results indicated that the bacterium was unable to use lactose or glucose as a source of energy. However, the expected results for fermentation by S. epidermidis is positive for both fermentations of glucose and lactose7. The conflicting results may be due to the fact the Durham tubes needed to incubated longer in order to observe the color change. Also, the inoculatingShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Nature Of Bacteria Are The Smallest And Most Versatile Independent Living Organism1010 Words   |  5 PagesBacteria are the smallest and most versatile independent living organism commonly known today. We were able to understand the nature of bacteria being that they are present in most habitats. They live in symbiotic and parasitic environments with plants and animals. Because they are moderately small, examination in the laboratory was necessary in order to observe cell activi ties, motilities and binary fission. Examination was also useful to observe natural shapes and sizes depending on exposure toRead MoreUnderstanding The Nature Of Bacteria Are The Smallest And Most Versatile Independent Living Organism?1013 Words   |  5 PagesObtained Unknown Species Bacteria are the smallest and most versatile independent living organism commonly known today. We were able to understand the nature of bacteria being that they are present in most habitats. They live in symbiotic and parasitic environments with plants and animals. Because they are moderately small, examination in the laboratory was necessary in order to observe cell activities, motilities and binary fission. Examination was also useful to observe natural shapes and sizesRead MoreResearch Paper Helicobacter Pylori2479 Words   |  10 Pagesabout the discovery of H. pylori as well as its morphological characteristics, taxonomic information, biochemical/metabolic characteristics, chemotherapeutic methods of control/treatment/eradication, immunological responses, pathological information, and epidemiology information. Morphological Characteristics Helicobacter pylori are a spiral-shaped, Gram-negative rod approximately 0.5 x 3.0 micrometers in size. It is catalase-positive organism which has 4-6 sheathed flagella attached to oneRead MoreMicrobial Analysis of Soil2600 Words   |  11 Pagessamples were collected fortnightly from area near Dahisar River, A river in suburb of Mumbai. laboratory analysis started from July 2010 to September 2010. Total bacterial and fungal count were estimated by standard spread plate isolation. Isolated bacteria were subject to colony characterization and were estimated by their morphological and biochemical characters. As being a monsoon the occurrence of variation of different species were high. The microorganisms isolated from the soil were of staphylococcusRead MoreIsolation of Pure Cultures by Dilution Techniques and Gram Staining Method1791 Words   |  8 Pagesplate At the first inoculum, all the bacterial colonies were overlapping with each other and it was difficult to distinguish the colonies. At the 4th and 5th inoculum, it was easier to distinguish the colonies as they grew apart from each other. The appearance of each colony type could be determined at the final inoculum. Spread plate The colonies were distributed evenly over the surface of the nutrient agar but there were more overlapping of colonies. Bacterial colonies could still be distinguishedRead MoreUnknown Bacteria4145 Words   |  17 Pagesfaecalis because of its morphological, physiological and metabolic properties. In a laboratory setting, it often becomes necessary to identify an unknown organism. In this experiment, researchers classified an unidentified bacterium based on its physical structure, colony morphology, optimal conditions and metabolic properties. A Gram stain using crystal violet, iodine, and safranin and a simple stain using methylene blue characterized the organism’s cell wall. Cultural behavior was classifiedRead Morelab report microbiology Essay2906 Words   |  12 Pagesestablishment of pure cultures of LAB,identify LAB and phage recovery and enumeration of recoverd phage.Raw milk was chosen as a sample so as to have a more positive result.To identify bacteria Lab isolated from raw milk,biochemical,morphological ,physiological and cultural characteristics were employed. The purification of isolates was done by moving Gram +ve ro ds and cocci shaped bacteria to selective media MRS and M-17 plates. The isolates were sub cultured till pure isolates were got. From 2 0 raw milkRead MoreAssay of Oil-Degrading Potential of Fungi Isolates on Diesel, Kerosene and Petrol Using Enrichment Method.2800 Words   |  12 Pagesproduction areas to different destinations where the oil will be used. The greatest environmental problem connected with crude oil exploration in Nigeria is oil spill both on-shore and off-shore (Okpokwasili, 1996). Crude oil, because of its characteristics, is one of the most significant pollutants in the environment as it is capable of causing serious damages to humans and the ecosystem, resulting in the contamination of drinking water, killing the fishes and poisoning aquatic life, thereby, placingRead MoreImpatiens Balsamina Linn. (Kamantigue) Flower Extract: a Potential Antifungal Agent for Candida Albicans and Trichophyton Mentagrophytes8638 Words   |  35 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED OF LITERATURE --------------------------------- JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY-------------------------------------------- CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN------------------------------------------------------------- TEST ORGANISM----------------------------------------------------------------- GATHERING OF DATA---------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION OF DATA--------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION OF THE PLANT SAMPLE-----------------------------------Read MoreAgricultural Science and Resource Management in the Tropics and Subtropics17383 Words   |  70 Pagesyellow, flat, smooth, 0,61,5x0,5-0,7 cm; about 15 seeds per g. Pendulous, variable in shape and size, nearly globular to oblong and elongated with scattered spinous tubercles and warts, particulary Northern when young; flesh pale-green with characteristic cucumber odour, India many seeded except in parthenocarpic cvs, seeds flat, white, 810x3-5mm. 50 seeds per g. Fleshy, pyriform with longitudinal furrows, whitish or green, 10-20 cm long, flesh whitish, single-seeded. Seed large, flat, white

Nietzsche s Views On Morality - 1518 Words

Fredrick Nietzsche would probably be worried about my morality. Growing up in an atheist household where Nietzsche’s assertion that â€Å"God is dead† was mostly true, the â€Å"sklavenmoral† of Christianity did not provide me with my set of morals, but neither did culture, as Nietzsche suggests, because neither of my parents were interested or educated in philosophy and art; I was only introduced to these subjects in school, after my morals had already been formed. Although Nietzsche may have been worried that someone in my situation would be helplessly immoral and lacking guidance, I know that I have a strong sense of right, wrong, and in between. With myself as an example, it is clear that Nietzsche’s description of morality is not complete or entirely accurate. Nietzsche’s philosophy is faulty in that he focuses completely on the selfish needs of the individual, and assumes that all humans are selfish and this selfishness is the basis of their morals. Nietzsche describes the morals of the à ¼bermensch as an alternative to the morals of Christianity. The difference between the two is that in Christianity the believer adopts the morals sanctified by the church for selfish reasons, while the à ¼bermensch creates his own selfish morals. This explanation stems from the view of morals as a purpose in life rather than a just a way to live. If one only has morals in order to gain purpose, then this morality must be selfish. I believe that the source of true morals is not selfishness, but theShow MoreRelatedNietzsche s Views On Religion And Morality1166 Words   |  5 Pagesstripping us of our passions. In â€Å"Morality as Anti-Nature,† Nietzsche claims that all religions are founded in a moral code of conduct that is supposed to lead to happiness. However, Nietzsche thinks that these religious rules keep people from being happy, because passions are part of what make people happy. I agree with Nietzsche that every religion and morality is founded on a general principle of ‘do this and do that,’ and I also agree that religions and morality do some damage to our passions.Read MoreFriedrich Nietzsche s Influence On Modern Intellectual History And Western Philosophy1559 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic, philologist, and a Greek and Latin scholar. His work has had lots of influence on modern intellectual history and Western philosophy in general. It revolved mainly around art, philology, religion and science. He wrote about morality, tragedy, aesthetics, atheism, epistemology and consciousness. Howeve r, some of Nietzsche s most profound elements of his philosophy include his powerful critique of reason and truth. He arguedRead MoreNietzsche And Murdoch s Theme Of Morality978 Words   |  4 Pages Nietzsche and Murdoch’s Theme of Morality One of the nineteenth century’s greatest philosophers is Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche was ideas regarding morality and nature continue to be debated today. Irish Murdoch another great philosopher writer of the 20th century wrote about philosophy regarding religion and nature. Both philosophers discuss the theme of morality in contrasting ways. Nietzsche believes in individual morality from the natural perspective and religion not from nature. MurdochRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead More Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsches Philosophy on Good and Evil1123 Words   |  5 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche was a philosopher in the 1800’s. His work has since influenced, impacted, and brought forth new questions for many philosophers to follow. One of Nietzsche’s famous writings Beyond Good and Evil expresses his views on society and the two different classes it holds, slave and master. He expresses his belief that the two are in warfare with one another, the strong (master) fighting for the will to power, while the weak (slave) tries to pull the master down to their level using clandestineRead MoreThe Slave Mortality Presented By Nietzsche In His Genealogy1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality presented by Nietzsche in his Genealogy of Morals is prevalent within modern literature. The dark effects of this morality have crept far beyond the general view of the elite class and into our writing. This is not much of a surprise since literature reflects the world and our view of the world within it. Unfortunately, its impact on our society is shown by its prevalence within modern writing. This morality allows the author to focus on the â€Å"evil enemy† (Nietzsche 39) instead of the goodRead MoreMorality And The Origins Of Morality852 Words   |  4 Pagestimes Nietzsche understands â€Å"morality† as the set of values typical of the European society of his days. In this sense, it is safe to say that Nietzsche opposes morality and that genealogy serves the ultimate goal of undermining it. However, it is legitimate to envision for genealogy a scope for application which goes beyond the particular morality of 19th century Germans. Accordingly, my claim is that in Nietzsche European morality represents just one possible form of morality. Nietzsche himselfRead MoreNietzsche And Mill s Ideas Of Freedom1243 Words   |  5 Pagesobjective of identifying common ground betw een Nietzsche and Mill’s ideas of freedom is to define freedom adequately so that it can be used as a basis for comparison. Each theorist’s opinion on what freedom is, however, appears to be fairly distinct. Mill might describe freedom as the absence of constraints to original, individual thought, whereas Nietzsche conceptualizes freedom as continual self-overcoming to evolve a more actualized self. Freedom for Nietzsche is overcoming wrong beliefs and creatingRead MoreGender Inequality And Idealized Beauty Standards1688 Words   |  7 Pagesmore demands on both males and females and is a form of oppression, and her beliefs regarding ideal beauty. Wolf’s ideas surrounding gender inequality relate to Nietzsche s theory regarding master and slave morality and man’s struggle to be a free spirit because those who adhere to society s dictates on ideal beauty also have â€Å"slave morality†. An important aspect of gender inequality are the demands and expectations that are placed on each gender. Males are supposed to be seen as toughRead MoreNietzsche s Philosophy On Personal Life And Education1200 Words   |  5 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche was a German, writer, poet, thinker and philopher. He was renowned for his ideas on the end of religion, existentialism and the concept of good and evil. Nietzsche focused essentially on the end of religion. He once declared that â€Å"God is dead†, a statement that decidedly defied Christianity as well as morality. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he was rapt in the development of â€Å"individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and down-to-earth

Organized Crime Essay Example For Students

Organized Crime Essay Organized Crime Organized crime has always been occupied with a negative label. Perhaps this is due to the constantly changing environment in America as well as the social state of its homeland, Europe. Our society is convinced that the so-called Mafia is a family of pure criminals, pimps, and murderers. Whatever the opinion, there is no doubt that the Mafia played a big part in the history of America and the way Americans view crime today. The origins of the secret society known as the Mafia are believed to be as old as the 9th century (Mafia History). During the 9th century, the Mafias main purpose was to strengthen themselves against enemies, which invaded their homeland in Sicily. It was supposed to create a strong feeling of togetherness between all Sicilians. This idea of family was carried through in the structure of the organization, which had a strong hierarchical layout (Mafia History). The Mafia is said by many to have perhaps the best system of power, than any other group or government known today. One can compare a physical representation of the family almost to a family tree dated all the way back through many generations. Certain people operated the system, but without the help of the people with the less power, the Mafia would be very weak. To put it another way, a leader cannot lead without followers, and the followers cannot follow without leaders. This is why the Mafia was hard to overcome. Although when many think of the location of the Mafia, Chicago and New York often come to mind, but actually the Mafia has been traced back through 26 major cites in America. Within every city were many Mafia families each with its own government. At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses. Next in line to the Dons was the Underbosses, who were second in command. Followed by the Consigliere or counselors. And last were the men who did the dirty work for the Mob, the Soldiers. The Soldiers were the ones who would enforce discipline over both members and non-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder (Living Large 3). All the members of the society were expected to go through a ceremony that often was compared to the baptism ceremony. The induction ceremony is the most important day of a mobsters life, the day that they become full members of La Cosa Nostra (Mafia Life). The ceremony for the newcomers was something that was looked forward to by all. The newcomer is told that the Mafia is a secret society and there is one way in and only one way out of it. You come in on your feet and you go in a coffin. Then the new members were asked if they were capable of even killing their own blood family on command (Mafia Life). Along with the ceremony, the mobster was told of the rules he must abide by. The most important rule in organized crime was the rule called the Omerta. The Omerta is a code of silence. A vow never to reveal any Mafia secrets or member under threat of torture or death (Mafia History). Another rule was the obedience rule. The obedience rule stated that the member must at all times be loyal to the boss or Don. A third law of the Mafia was the assistance to any befriended Mafia faction, no questions asked. A few others included, Avenge any attack on members of the family, because an attack on one was an attack on all, and the last rule was to avoid any and all contact with the authorities (Mafia History). There is still much we dont know about the Mafia due to the fact that the very first rule when inducted is the Omerta. Along with the many members involved with the Mafia, there were just as many ethnic families that existed if not more. Mafia families were growing very large in 1800s (Mafia History). .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .postImageUrl , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:visited , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:active { border:0!important; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:active , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Of Outrage Essay The reason for the large swelling of crime in America was because of the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America. Three million Irish, four million Italians, and four million Jews immigrated to America. They immigrated for a number of reasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of fear, depression and crime (Mafia Secrets). So along with these new immigrants came much crime as well which connected brought upon many ethnic gangs. Each gang had their own gang, there were several of them. Chinese, Irish, Jewish, and Italian gangs were all recognized at this time(Mafia Secrets). Every community gang was different in some way. Although Italians are considered the Mafia, the other ethnic groups have their own involvement in some way or another. The Italians were by far the biggest ethnic group, but they were not the only ones. The Irish were instrumental in putting together the system of organized crime(American History 260). The Irish were known as very obsessive gamblers who had control of nearly all racetracks and casinos in the early 1900s. As sportsmen, they invested money in racehorses and promoted racetracks. Throughout this time, organized crime.. may have reached its high point in the United States in terms of the proportion of the population that constituted customers and in terms of the impact upon local police and politicians (American History 260). The Italians, of course, already had their feet wet in America by their knowledge of the systematic ways of government for nearly 30 years in America and had control of almost every aspect of organized crime. The Italians remained with, socialized with, and committed crimes on other Italians within the Italian Community. The Italians were involved so deep in Crime that the Sicilian Mafia had so much power that the Sicilian Mafia has been linked to the highest levels of the Italian Government. Many other groups such as the Jews had much influence in the way we look at organized crime as well. The Jewish had been highly connected with America with an elaborate sense of knowledge gained in a short time. Each ethnic gang made up a small branch of its district which each city had many. Each district was a part of its ethnic group. Very powerful men who were respected by all of the districts soldiers, counselors, and captains led these groups. Each ethnic gang had its most high in command. In fact the Dons throughout history are single handedly responsible for all changes in the way business worked. Vito Cascio Ferro, (1862-1945), is believed to be the one man primarily responsible for establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia (Family Tree). Ferro is considered the father of what we know as todays Mafia. His activities are not clear, but it was recorded that Don Vito was suspected in a brutal killing of at least one man. It was told that the man was trying to do business on his turf, which led to a very vicious death where the man was cut into tiny pieces and shoved into a box (Family Tree). Lucky Luciano was also very influential during his control of the Irish Mafia around the 1920s in America. After his hostile takeover, Luciano organized organized crime. He modernized the Mafia, shaping it into a smoothly run national crime syndicate focused on the bottom line (Time 100) Luciano was a millionaire because of his illegal distribution of alcohol and narcotics. He was later convicted and sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison, where he soon died. Another famous mob boss who made a dramatic change in organized crime was Al (Scarface) Capone. Capone is perhaps the most famous and for a good reason. Scarface became the leader of one of the worlds largest crime families. The family numbered over 1000 members, and the majority of the 1000 were stone cold killers as well (Scaface). .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .postImageUrl , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:visited , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:active { border:0!important; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:active , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catherine the Great of all Russia Essay Capone was involved in perhaps the most famous of all the Mob hits of all time, the St. Valentines Day Massacre, which changed the attitude of the public. Capone later, for a different crime, was arrested and sent to Alcatraz where he spent the rest of his life. How we know organized crime today has much to do with the way Hollywood has represented the Mafia. The worldwide image of organized crime has had a Made in America label since the 1930s (Mafia Image 1) Movies such as The Last Don, Little Caesar, and The God Father series are for how most of us know the way the Mafia works. Many people are convinced that the Mafia has been wiped out for the last twenty or so years. Much of the crime activity has decreased, however not all traces of the Mafia have disappeared, as we believe. There is still currently a mob family from Greek decent even in America today. And in the late 70s and early 80s, the Sicilian Mafia was found to be the culprit in one of the largest heroin smuggling rings in history (Crime Groups). Because of the Omerta, people have a hard time learning the current position of the Mob, and the Mafia is known for making comebacks in a hurry. For example, the highpoint of the Mafia was said to be in the 1920s, and slowly it decreased until the end of World War II when organized crime came back with much stronger than when the war started. This shows a good understanding of what the Mafia is capable of doing in short periods of time. The men who have tried to get rid of the Mafia time in and time out have made some progress. Responsible groups of Americans have, at times, waged campaigns in the media to obliterate any assumption that crime is dominated by people of Italian descent, claiming that existence of an American Mafia had not been fully established (Mafia Image). The opinions will differ in that sense. Some say that the Mafia is a vast organization that continues to grow in power, while others say that if the mafia still exists to this day, the old ways of organized crime will never be the same as it has been in this century. The desire, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Mafia only exists in books and movies. No matter the opinion, the Mafia still claims the place in American History if it still exists or not.

Usmoke Essay Example For Students

Usmoke Essay Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Secondhand smoke causes numerous lung cancer deaths annually. Measures have been taken in both workplaces and public places to limit exposure to secondhand smoke. The economic cost of smokers to society is phenomenal. It includes monetary costs, lost workdays and shortened work lives. Many states are establishing and maintaining comprehensive tobacco-control programs to reduce tobacco use. They provide education to our youth to prevent them from ever starting and smoking cessation programs for individuals that currently wish to stop smoking. Education and support are known ways to eventually prevent smoking in the future. Efforts to increase the public perception of the harmful effects of tobacco must utilize a comprehensive approach that affects policy development, education strategies and health care systems. Smoking is becoming more and more unfashionable as time goes on. There are many studies conducted showing that secondhand smoke is a health hazard to both the smoker and anyone that relies on the same air supply, not to mention the unpleasantness and discomfort it causes those that do not smoke.The Environmental Protection Agency reports that it is estimated that secondhand smoke that emerges from exhaling and burning cigarettes causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 37,000 heart disease deaths in nonsmokers each year. (Nolo, 2002). According to a 1998 Gallop poll, 94% of Americans, including both smokers and nonsmokers, agree that companies should either ban or restrict smoking to properly ventilated areas. Another Gallop poll indicates that 95% of nonsmokers, and 69% of smokers, think Californias ban on smoking in almost all workplaces is positive. Some companies are now refusing to hire anyone who admits to smoking on a job application because of higher healthcare insurance, absenteeism, unemployment insurance and workers compensation in surance associated with these individuals. (Nolo, 2002). Those that do not smoke feel it is an infringement of what they consider to be a reasonable right not to have to breath other peoples cigarette smoke while at work. During the 1970s the dangers of secondhand smoke were beginning to amass and a movement for nonsmokers emerged. When it was proven that secondhand smoke was harmful to nonsmokers who inhale it passively, (Koop, C. Everett et al. 1996), the public became less tolerant of smoking in the workplace as well as public places. Exposure to tobacco smoke remains a health hazard that is completely preventable. Many state and local laws for clean indoor air reduce but do not eliminate nonsmokers exposure to secondhand smoke and smoking bans appear to be the most effective method of reducing exposure to secondhand smoke. We will write a custom essay on Usmoke specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although there are no federal laws that directly control smoking in the workplace, (Nolo, 2002) many city and county ordinances ban smoking in the workplace. On the other hand, half of the states make it illegal to discriminate against those who smoke during non-working hours. However, many states protect employees from unwanted smoke on the job. Workplaces nationwide have gone smoke free to provide clean indoor air to protect employees. Tobacco smoke contains thousands of different chemicals (ASH, 2001) know to be carcinogens (cancer causing substances) that are released into the air as particles or gases. To date, workers have been awarded unemployment, disability and workers compensation benefits for illness and loss of work due to exposure to secondhand smoke. Twenty states and the District of Columbia limit smoking in private worksites and forty-one states and the District of Columbia have laws restricting smoking in state government buildings. In 1997, President Clinton signed an executive order requiring federal buildings to become smoke-free. Simply separating smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace reduces, but does not eliminate, exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke. California banned smoking in public places in 1998 and recently both the Delaware State Senate and House of Representatives passed Senate Bill 99, making Delaware one of very few states in the nation to enact a comprehensive and landmark smoking ban that includes restaurants and bars. Governor Ruth Ann Minner signed the bill into law on May 31, 2002 and the bill will become effective on November 27, 2002. (State of Delaware, 2002). When a bill of this nature becomes effective, it should eliminate the need of local governments to enact workplace-smoking restrictions within their jurisdictions. Many smokers agree that the restrictions on smoking are reasonable and even helpful as smokers try to quit or cut down on their smoking. Some have questioned if common courtesy would re solve the smoking problem and, if that were the case, we would not need any laws at all. However, people can be discourteous and inconsiderate and nonsmokers should not have to ask total strangers to stop smoking for exposure to a healthy environment. Once the Government passes such a law, a considerable amount of money and time is spent developing the regulations and determining the penalties, fines and actions against repeat offenders. It needs to be determined who will decide the amount of the fines, what the cost of the fines will actually be and who will be responsible for enforcing the law.There are many ways to educate individuals who currently smoke with regard to prevention and support. As a result of the health and economic consequences of cigarette smoking, states are establishing and maintaining comprehensive tobacco-control programs to reduce tobacco use among youth. There are seven recommendations for school health programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction. They in clude developing and enforcing a school policy on tobacco use, providing instruction regarding the short and long-term negative effects and social consequences of tobacco use, tobacco use prevention education in kindergarten through 12th grade, in which should be most intensive between junior high or middle school and then reinforced in the high school years, provide education to the teachers, involve parents and families in support of school-based tobacco prevention programs, support cessation efforts for students and teachers who use tobacco and assess the tobacco use prevention program regularly.Most of the United States public strongly agrees with policies that help prevent youth from starting in the first place. (MMWR. 1994). Cigarette smoking as well as smokeless tobacco use are always almost started and established during adolescence. The tobacco industry spends approximately $4 billion per year to promote and advertise cigarettes. Current research shows that universal tobacc o promotion creates the perception that more people smoke than actually do, and it attempts to project that smoking is cool. Cigarettes smoking among our youth have not declined over the past decade and 28 percent of the nations high school seniors currently smoke cigarettes. Preventing cigarette smoking among our youth is the means in which to end the epidemic of tobacco use in the United States. Lee, P. (1994).According to the Centers for Disease Control (MMWR, 1994) 83% of current smokers wish they did not smoke and nearly one-third of all smokers quit for at least one day each year. 93% of smokers who try to quit start smoking again within one year. There are many medications to help those that want to quit smoking. They include oral medications, nicotine gum, a nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray or a nicotine patch. Most can benefit from using a medication and all of these medications can as much as double ones chances of quitting and quitting for good. There are three trea tment categories for smokers that clinicians should consider when determining a strategy. First, those who smoke cigarettes and are willing to quit should be treated using the 5 As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange). Secondly, those that smoke cigarettes but are unwilling to quit should be treated with the 5 Rs motivational intervention (Relevance, Risks, Rewards, Roadblocks, and Repetition). Thirdly, those who have recently quit using tobacco should be provided relapse prevention treatment. Studies have shown that the five keys for quitting include getting ready, getting support, learning new skills and behaviors, getting medication and using it properly and be prepared for relapse or difficult situations. (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). The costs to both society and individuals that smoke are phenomenal. Approximately 60% of the direct health cares costs in the United States are used to treat tobacco Words/ Pages : 1,417 / 24